The movement of the Sun and the Earth

Look at the sky , and you will notice that the Sun rises from the east and sets from the west , The sunrise and the sunset do not occur due to the rotation of the Sun , but it occurs due to the rotation of the Earth around itself ( its axis ) .

This phenomenon is called the apparent movement of the Sun , where it takes different apparent orbit from the  east to the west , The movement of the shadow of the fixed bodies is due to the apparent movement of the Sun .

The rotation of the Earth

The Earth is one of the planets , where we can live because it contains the air , the food and the water , The Earth consists of two hemispheres ( northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere ) , The Earth rotates around itself and rotates around the Sun .

Proton Beam Defocusing as a Result of Self-Modulation in Plasma

The AWAKE experiment will use a \SI{400}{GeV/c} proton beam with a longitudinal bunch length of σz=12cm to create and sustain GV/m plasma wakefields over 10 meters . A 12 cm long bunch can only drive strong wakefields in a plasma with npe=7×1014electrons/cm3 after the self-modulation instability (SMI) developed and microbunches formed, spaced at the plasma wavelength. The fields present during SMI focus and defocus the protons in the transverse plane \cite{SMI}. We show that by inserting two imaging screens downstream the plasma, we can measure the maximum defocusing angle of the defocused protons for plasma densities above npe=5×1014electrons/cm−3. Measuring maximum defocusing angles around 1 mrad indirectly proves that SMI developed successfully and that GV/m plasma wakefields were created. In this paper we present numerical studies on how and when the wakefields defocus protons in plasma, the expected measurement results of the two screen diagnostics and the physics we can deduce from it.